病理
下泌尿道症狀又稱下尿路症狀,泛指泌尿困難問題,當中分為膀胱儲尿、排尿期間及排尿後出現的症狀,常見於年長人士。1,2下泌尿道症狀可以由不同疾病或情況引致,多數男性患者的病因都是涉及良性前列腺肥大症 (Benign prostatic enlargement;BPE) ,而女性患者的病因則多與下泌尿道感染有關:1
下泌尿道症狀的常見原因1,3,4 | |
男性 |
女性 |
良性前列腺肥大症 (BPE)
當前列腺中的細胞數量增加時會引發BPE,這種情況稱為良性前列腺增生(Benign prostatic hyperplasia;BPH),並導致膀胱出口阻塞1 |
停經 |
慢性前列腺炎
前列腺受細菌感染而腫脹4 |
|
泌尿道感染
大部分感染由大腸桿菌(一種常寄存於大腸的細菌)引致,例如尿道炎、膀胱炎、腎炎 5 |
|
泌尿道惡性腫瘤 | |
逼尿肌無力或不穩定 | |
尿道狹窄 | |
下泌尿道受到外部壓迫,例如骨盆腫瘤、糞便壓迫 | |
神經系統疾病,例如多發性硬化症、脊髓損傷 | |
生活方式,例如深夜喝水、過量攝取酒精或咖啡因 |
下泌尿道症狀的分類
下泌尿道症狀大致分為儲尿症狀及排尿症狀。3儲尿症狀是指膀胱儲存尿液時出現問題;排尿症狀則通常是因膀胱出口阻塞,令尿液難以通過而引致疾病(詳情可參閱下面「症狀」一節)。3
下泌尿道症狀的併發症3
如果患者不及時治療下泌尿道症狀,可能會因尿液停滯而增加感染及形成腎結石和膀胱結石的風險。
- 慢性膀胱出口阻塞可能導致膀胱壁肌肉肥大,因而導致失禁
- 腎臟併發症,包括腎衰竭、雙側腎積水等
- 漸進性良性前列腺肥大症患者也可能出現急性尿瀦留,即突然無法小便
參考資料:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. Available at:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97/resources/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-management-pdf-975754394053. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Irwin DE et al. Worldwide prevalence estimates of lower urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction. BJU Int. 2011;108(7):1132-8.
- TeachMe Surgery. Lower urinary tract symptoms. Available at: https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Prostatitis. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355766. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Family Health Service, Department of Health. Urinary tract infection. Available at: https://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/woman/9938.html. Accessed April 12, 2022.
關注
增加罹患下泌尿道症狀風險的因素包括:
男性風險因素 | 女性風險因素 |
•良性前列腺肥大症 (Benign prostatic enlargement;BPE) 1
o 增加患上BPE的風險因:2
•前列腺癌1 o 增加罹患前列腺癌的風險因:3
•前列腺炎1 o 前列腺炎的高危因素包括:4
|
•泌尿道感染(Urinary tract infection;UTI) 1
o 與女性相關的風險因:5
|
男性、女性的共同風險因素 |
|
• 泌尿道感染(UTI) 1 o 增加泌尿道感染的其他風險因:5
• 膀胱過度活躍症(Overactive bladder;OAB) 1 o 引起頻繁、突然且難以控制的排尿衝動6 o 風險因素包括衰老和認知能力下降,例如中風或阿茲海默症6 |
參考資料:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. Available at:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97/resources/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-management-pdf-975754394053. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20370087. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Prostate cancer. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353087. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Prostatitis. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355766. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Urinary tract infection (UTI). Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Overactive bladder. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/overactive-bladder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355715. Accessed April 12, 2022.
症狀
常見的下泌尿道症狀可以分為:1-3
膀胱儲尿症狀 | 排尿症狀 |
• 排尿頻密
• 失禁 • 夜尿頻繁 |
• 排尿困難,久久不能排出尿液
• 須用力排尿 • 排尿流量較弱、斷斷續續 • 排尿中段或排尿後滴尿 • 不能完全排清尿液 |
原因 | 原因 |
– 泌尿道感染 (Urinary tract infection;UTI)
– 膀胱結石 – 泌尿上皮癌 – 膀胱過度活躍症 (Overactive bladder;OAB) |
– 良性前列腺肥大症 (Benign prostatic enlargement;BPE)
– 膀胱頸狹窄 – 尿道狹窄 – 逼尿肌收縮力差 |
如何評估症狀嚴重程度?
國際前列腺症狀評分(International Prostate Symptom Score;IPSS)是一種經過驗證用於評估前列腺症狀和生活質素的方法。IPSS可在網絡上免費取得,有助於量度初始症狀的嚴重程度和對治療的反應。2,4
參考資料:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. Available at:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97/resources/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-management-pdf-975754394053. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Arianayagam M et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms: current management in older men. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(10):758-67.
- TeachMe Surgery. Lower urinary tract symptoms. Available at: https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service. International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS). Available at: http://www.ucn.org.hk/images/male_health_maintenance_service.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2022.
診斷
不同診斷方式有助醫生分辨下泌尿道症狀的成因及嚴重程度。1如果患者出現下泌尿道症狀,應及早求醫,盡早作出診斷及治療。1
身體檢查
- 腹部和外生殖器官檢查,以及直腸指檢(Directeral rectun examination;DRE)1,2
- 進行DRE時,醫生會將戴上手套的手指放進患者的直腸中,以判斷貼近直腸的前列腺有否異常
前列腺特異抗原(Prostate-specific antigen;PSA)檢查1,2
- PSA檢查需要抽取患者的血液樣本,以量度血液中的PSA水平
- 前列腺會產生PSA並釋放到血液中。前列腺異常的情況,例如前列腺肥大症(Benign prostatic hyperplasia;BPH)、前列腺炎或前列腺癌,都會令血液中的PSA水平上升
- 當出現以下情況,醫生會建議患者進行PSA檢查:
- 下泌尿道症狀的原因可能是由良性BPH引發的膀胱出口阻礙所致
- 在進行直腸指檢時,醫生察覺到前列腺有異常
- 患者擔心自己患上前列腺癌
排尿日誌1
- 由患者填寫的排尿日誌(例子如下)能協助醫生評估其膀胱功能,以提供正確的診斷及治療。3
尿液試紙測試1
- 檢查患者尿液中是否含有血液、葡萄糖、蛋白質、白血球和亞硝酸鹽
- 測試人員會將試紙浸入尿液中,然後對試紙上的測試方塊與顏色圖表進行比較,測試方塊上的不同顏色會顯示尿液中存在的不同物質
膀胱鏡檢查和上泌尿道掃描
膀胱鏡檢查和上泌尿道掃描,只在患者有以下臨床特徵時進行:1
- 血尿
- 反覆感染
- 無菌性膿尿:即尿液中持續含有白血球,但沒有細菌4
- 症狀嚴重
- 患者感到痛楚
膀胱鏡檢查 5
- 醫生會將裝有鏡頭的空心導管(即膀胱鏡)插入尿道,然後慢慢進入膀胱,以檢查膀胱及尿道內壁,並在有需要時切除部分組織送往化驗室化驗,過程約需15-30分鐘
- 患者需在進行檢查前清空膀胱、服用鎮靜劑或麻醉劑
- 檢查期間,患者的膀胱會充滿無菌溶液,使膀胱膨脹,因此患者或會感到有尿意
上泌尿道掃描,包括:6-8
- 超聲波掃描(Ultrasound scan)
- 使用一種稱為換能器的手持設備,該設備可以從器官中反射出安全、無痛的聲波,以生成圖像
- 醫護人員可從不同角度移動換能器以檢查不同的器官
- 超聲波掃描過程無痛、無輻射風險、無需麻醉
- 電腦斷層掃描(Computerized tomography;CT Scan)
- 結合X光與電腦技術,生成患者身體組織的三維(3-D)圖像,顯示出泌尿道中的結石、阻塞、感染、囊腫、腫瘤或外傷等狀況
- 患者需在進行檢查前飲水,令膀胱膨脹
- 進行檢查時,患者要接受靜脈輸注,把X光顯影劑注射到體內。注射時,患者會短暫感到口腔內有金屬的味道,以及有尿意
參考資料:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. Available at:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97/resources/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-management-pdf-975754394053. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Center for Health Protection., Department of Health. Men’s health line – Prostate cancer. Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/tc/static/80055.html. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Nursing Times. Use of frequency volume charts and voiding diaries. Available at: https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/continence/use-of-frequency-volume-charts-and-voiding-diaries-23-01-2015. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Wise GJ, Schlegel PN. Sterile pyuria. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1048-1054.
- Mayo Clinic. Cystoscopy. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cystoscopy/about/pac-20393694. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- TeachMe Surgery. Lower urinary tract symptoms. Available at: https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms. Accessed May 3, 2021.
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Urinary tract imaging. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diagnostic-tests/urinary-tract-imaging. Accessed May 3, 2021.
- Mayo Clinic. Computerized tomography (CT) urogram. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ct-urogram/about/pac-20393602. Accessed April 12, 2022.
治療
下泌尿道症狀患者可按症狀成因及嚴重程度,選擇合適的治療方法,以控制病情。
藥物治療
醫生會按患者的下泌尿道症狀成因及嚴重程度處方藥物,當中可包括:
藥物類型 |
作用原理 | 藥物例子 |
副作用 |
環利尿劑(Loop diuretic):於下午至傍晚服用,可紓緩夜尿情況1-4 | 通過阻斷腎臟亨氏環(Henle’s loop)對離子(Ion)的再吸收,防止水分透過滲透作用離開腎臟的收集管道系統,最終導致尿液產量增加 | – 呋塞米 (Furosemide) – 布美他尼 (Bumetanide) |
– 頭痛
– 頭暈 – 口渴 – 血糖升高 – 肌肉痙攣 |
抗利尿藥(Antidiuretic)1,5 | 通過與V2受體結合,增加腎臟對水分的再吸收,減少尿液產量 | – 去氨加壓素 (Desmopressin) | – 口乾
– 低鈉血症或血鈉減少 – 頭暈 |
α受體阻斷藥 (Alpha-blockers) 1,2,6 | 通過阻斷前列腺α1A腎上腺素受體,令前列腺和膀胱頸的平滑肌放鬆,從而改善排尿症狀 | – 阿夫唑嗪 (Alfuzosin)
– 哌唑嗪(Prazosin) – 坦洛新(Tamsulosin) – 特拉唑嗪(Terazosin) |
– 體位性低血壓
– 心悸 – 水腫 – 噁心 – 頭痛 – 視力模糊 – 昏厥 – 頭暈 |
5α還原酶抑制劑 (5-Aplha reductase inhibitors;5-ARIs) 1,2,6 | 通過抑制5α還原酶,導致前列腺上皮細胞凋亡,從而縮小前列腺,改善排尿症狀 | – 度他雄胺(Dutasteride)
– 非那雄胺((Finasteride) |
– 勃起功能障礙
– 性慾降低 – 射精量減少 – 陽萎 |
抗毒蕈鹼藥(Antimuscarinics)或抗膽鹼藥(Anticholinergics)1,2,6,7 | 通過阻斷乙醯膽鹼(Acetylcholine)神經傳導物質(Neurotransmitter)連結其神經細胞的受體,抑制副交感神經(Parasympathetic nerve),從而放鬆膀胱肌肉和增加膀胱容量,改善儲尿症狀 | – 奧昔布寧 (Oxybutynin)
– 達非那新 (Darifenacin) – 索非那新(Solifenacin) – 托特羅定(Tolterodine) |
– 口乾
– 胃腸不適 – 頭痛 – 視力障礙 – 頭暈 – 記憶力減退 – 泌尿道感染 |
手術治療
如果下泌尿道症狀嚴重、出現併發症或藥物反應不佳,醫生可能會建議患者進行手術,而男性和女性的治療方法亦有所不同。
男性1,6
- 經尿道前列腺切除術(Transurethral resection of prostate;TURP):切除腫瘤或前列腺中間肥大組織8
- 激光前列腺摘除術(Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate;HoLEP):利用激光切割,去除阻塞尿道的多餘組織來增加尿流9
- 前列腺經尿道切口(Transurethral incision of the prostate;TUIP):在前列腺和膀胱相連的區域(膀胱頸)切開1個或2個小凹槽(切口),以打開尿道,使尿液更容易通過,適合前列腺體重量少於30g的患者10
上述手術可能引致的風險包括:
手術風險 |
TURP8 | HoLEP9 | TUIP10 |
暫時排尿困難:
手術後幾天患者可能無法排尿,需要把導尿管插入陰莖以將尿液從膀胱中排出 |
✔️ | ✔️ | ✔️ |
泌尿道感染:
進行任何前列腺手術後均有機會出現泌尿道感染。放置導尿管的時間越長,越有機會引起感染 |
✔️ | ✔️ | ✔️ |
乾性高潮:
男士在射精過程中,精液會釋放到膀胱中,而非從陰莖中釋放出來。乾性高潮又稱逆行射精,對人體無害,但會影響患者的生殖能力 |
✔️ | ✔️ | |
勃起功能障礙:
接受前列腺治療後可能會出現勃起功能障礙,但並不常見 |
✔️ | ✔️ | |
大量出血:
患者在手術期間因大量出血而需要輸血的情況非常罕見,前列腺較大的患者出現大量出血的風險會較高 |
✔️ | ||
難以儲尿:
失禁是TURP的罕見長期併發症 |
✔️ | ||
血液中鈉含量偏低:
手術期間,人體有機會因吸收過多沖洗液,造成血液中鈉含量偏低,這種情況需要及時處理,否則有可能致命 |
✔️ | ||
重新接受治療:
手術造成的疤痕會導致尿道或膀胱頸變窄,而且手術後或會因症狀沒有改善、病情復發而使患者需要重新接受治療 |
✔️ | ✔️ | ✔️ |
女性11
- 尿道中段合成吊帶術(Midurethral intra-vaginal sling, IVS):從下方置入合成網狀吊帶以支撐尿道12
- 自體直肌筋膜懸帶術:使用腹部壁上的一塊堅硬組織從下方支撐尿道,與尿道中段合成吊帶術相似,不同之處在於尿道中段合成吊帶術使用塑膠製的吊帶,而自體直肌筋膜懸帶使用患者自身的肌肉組織作為懸帶14
參考資料:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. Available at:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97/resources/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-management-pdf-975754394053. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- TeachMe Surgery. Lower urinary tract symptoms. Available at: https://teachmesurgery.com/urology/presentations/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Wile D. Diuretics: a review. Ann Clin Biochem. 2012;49(5):419-431.
- Side effects of diuretics. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/diuretics#side-effects. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- NOCDURNA (desmopressin acetate) Full Prescribing Information. US FDA. Version Jun 2018.
- Arianayagam M et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms: current management in older men. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(10):758-67.
- Tidy C. Lower urinary tract symptoms in women. Available at: https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/turp/about/pac-20384880. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Prostate laser surgery. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/prostate-laser-surgery/about/pac-20384874. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP). Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/tuip/about/pac-20384889. Accessed Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Harding M. Lower urinary tract symptoms in women. Available at: https://patient.info/doctor/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-pro#nav-8. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- British Association of Urological Surgeons. Synthetic mid-urethral tapes for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Available at: https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Synthetic%20sling%20female.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- British Association of Urological Surgeons. Colposuspension for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Available at:https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Colposuspension.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- British Association of Urological Surgeons. Autologous sling procedure for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Available at:https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Autologous%20female%20sling.pdf. Accessed April 12, 2022.
復康
以下方法有助改善下泌尿道症狀:
改變生活模式1-4
- 戒煙
- 多做運動,每周至少3天進行中等強度運動,每周合共不少於150分鐘5,6
- 急步行
- 在平地或微斜的道路踏單車
- 進行投擲與應接的體育活動(例如乒乓球和排球)
- 水中帶氧體能活動
- 交際舞
- 膀胱訓練:當有輕微尿意時,盡量嘗試忍着,並將排尿間隔時間增加至2-3小時
- 骨盆底肌肉訓練:減少壓力性尿失禁(見下圖)7
維持健康體重8
- 計算體重指標(Body Mass Index,BMI)的公式:體重(公斤) / [身高(m)]2
- 體重指標5-22.9為適中;23或以上為過重
改變飲食習慣1-4
- 減少於晚間攝取過多水分
- 避免飲用酒精、咖啡、茶或其他含咖啡因的飲品,因為這些飲品會刺激排尿
- 低脂飲食,例如減少進食含油量高的快餐、肥肉
- 每天進食水果,並確保包含柑橘類水果,例如橙、西柚、柚子
- 每天進食各種顏色、類型的蔬菜:不要集中進食葉類蔬菜(如菜心、生菜、椰菜),應多食用根莖類(如蘿蔔、蓮藕、牛蒡);不要只食用綠色蔬菜,多食用其他顏色的蔬菜(如紅菜頭、紫椰葉、矮瓜)
參考資料:
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. Available at:https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg97/resources/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-men-management-pdf-975754394053. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Arianayagam M et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms: current management in older men. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(10):758-67.
- Tidy C. Lower urinary tract symptoms in women. Available at: https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Mayo Clinic. Enlarged prostate: Does diet play a role? Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia/expert-answers/enlarged-prostate-and-diet/faq-20322773. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Recommended level of physical activity. Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/archive/epp/en/indexe585.html?MenuID=9. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Intensity of physical activity. Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/archive/epp/en/indexa830.html?MenuID=10. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- HEHO health & hope. 男女通用!4組運動改善夜尿、漏尿等問題. Available at: https://heho.com.tw/archives/44001. Accessed April 12, 2022.
- Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health. Body mass index (BMI) distribution. Available at: https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/statistics/data/10/280/427.html. Accessed April 12, 2022.